Adenosine

Adenosine is a purine nucleoside regulating many biochemical processes. Elevated levels of adenosine can be found in exhaled breath condensate of patients with asthma. Different Mass spectrometry instruments and measurements including LC (Pharmacia LKB; HPLC System, Uppsala, Sweden), LC-MS(Ultimate 3000 Dionex HPLC system coupled to an LTQ Orbitrap mass spectrometer equipped with an Advion Triversa NanoMate source), LC-MS/MS(Acquity UPLC HSS T3 1.8 micro meter with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, TSQ Quantum Ultra Mass Spectrometer, ThermoFinnigan, San Jose, CA) can be used to measure EBC concentrations of adenosine from patients or healthy subjects. Description of disease(s) related to Adenosine:

Disease summary

Asthma

A metabolomic profiling of EBC analysis using Bidirectional-Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures-Discriminant (O2PLS-DA) method was constructed for distinguishing both between severe asthma cases and healthy children and between severe and nonsevere asthmatic children. The chemical structures of adenosine, retinoic acid, and vitamin D have been found to be relevant characteristics that could clearly discriminate different biochemical-metabolic profiles in between non-severe/severe asthmatic and healthy children. The Adenosine measurement in EBC is a confident biomarker for monitoring airway inflammation in patients with asthma (Allergy. (2013)). Another study shows the elevated adenosine level in steroid-naïve asthmatic patients compared with healthy control but no significant difference of adenosine level between the steroid-treated asthmatic patients and healthy control (Eur Respir J. (2002)).

Bronchoconstriction

Significant increase in the adenosine concentration in EBC determined by HPLC and can be found in patients with physically exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (airway obstruction) compared to the healthy controls (Eur Respir J. (2005) ).

Cystic Fibrosis

The EBC concentration ratio of purine adenosine (Ado) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) has strong correlation with the children (<3 years old) with cystic fibrosis or other lung diseases and can be used as a less invasive methods for assessment of airway inflammation (Pediatr Pulmonol. (2013)).

Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial

Patients with allergic rhinitis that may initiate inflammation in the lower airways results in an increased adenosine levels in EBC and also correlates with an increased in nasal nitric oxide (NO) levels. Rhinitis patients with no asthma may also have the symptoms of subclinical inflammation in their lower airways (Clin Exp Allergy. (2006)).

Summary of extracted biomedical information

Adenosine is associated with inorganic phosphate.